Laparoscopic Pyelolithotomy for treating urolithiasis in ectopic pelvic kidneys

ABSTRACT Introduction: The management of urolithiasis ectopic pelvic kidneys (EPK) can be challenging because of the aberrant anatomy (1-4). We demonstrate the step-by-step technique of the laparoscopic approach for treating urolithiasis in EPK. Patients and methods: Three men with EPK (2 left, 1 right) underwent laparoscopic pyelolithotomy through a transperitoneal approach. After establishing the pneumoperitoneum, the parietal peritoneum was opened at the parietal colic sulcus and the bowel displaced medially. The kidney was identified in the retroperitoneum and the renal pelvis exposed after removal of the perirenal adipose tissue. The renal pelvis was opened, and the stones were identified and retrieved with forceps in 2 cases and with a flexible nephroscope in 1 case. The renal pelvis was closed with a 3/0 running barbed suture. A DJ stent was placed in all patients. Results: For the first time, a laparoscopic technique for treating stones in the ectopic kidney is demonstrated in detail. Mean patient age was 52.6 years (44-58). The mean stone size was 22.3 mm (20-24 mm). Stones were in the renal pelvis in 2 cases and in the inferior calyx in 1 case. Mean operative time was 146 minutes (135-155 min). Mean estimated blood loss was 116 ml (60-140 ml). No complications were observed. The mean hospital stay was 3 days. The DJ stents were removed after 3 weeks. All patients were stone free at the postoperative CT scan with a mean follow-up of 3.3 months (1-6 months). Conclusions: Laparoscopic pyelolithotomy can be an effective and reproducible minimally invasive technique for treating urolithiasis in EPK.

Nephrostomy tube versus double J ureteral stent in patients with malignant ureteric obstruction. A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies

ABSTRACT Purpose: We aimed to perform a systematic review to assess perioperative outcomes, complications, and survival in studies comparing ureteral stent and percutaneous nephrostomy in malignant ureteral obstruction. Materials and Methods: This review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses framework. Meta-analyses were performed on procedural data; outcomes; complications (device-related, accidental dislodgement, febrile episodes, unplanned device replacement), dislodgment, and overall survival. Continuous variables were pooled using the inverse variance of the mean difference (MD) with a fixed effect, and 95% confidence interval (CI). The incidences of complications were pooled using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel method with the random effect model and reported as Odds Ratio (OR), and 95% CI. Statistical significance was set two-tail p-value <0.05 Results: Ten studies were included. Procedure time (MD −10.26 minutes 95%CI −12.40-8.02, p<0.00001), hospital stay (MD −1.30 days 95%CI −1.69 − −0.92, p<0.0001), number of accidental tube dislodgments (OR 0.25 95% CI 0.13 - 0.48, p<0.0001) were significantly lower in the stent group. No difference was found in mean fluoroscopy time, decrease in creatinine level post procedure, overall number of complications, interval time between the change of tubes, number of febrile episodes after diversion, unplanned device substitution, and overall survival. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis favors stents as the preferred choice as these are easier to maintain and ureteral stent placement should be recommended whenever feasible. If the malignant obstruction precludes a stent placement, then PCN is a safe alternative.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia surgical treatment trends in the Public Health System in São Paulo, Brazil

ABSTRACT Objective To describe and compare the number of surgeries, mortality rate, length of hospital stay, and costs of transurethral resection of the prostate and open prostatectomy for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, between 2008 and 2018, in the Public Health System in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods Ecological and retrospective study using data from the informatics department of the Brazilian Public Health System database. Procedure codes were "open prostatectomy" and "transurethral resection of the prostate." The outcomes analyzed were compared between transurethral resection of the prostate and open prostatectomy according to the hospital surgical volume and presence or absence of a residency program. Results A total of 18,874 surgeries were analyzed (77% transurethral resection of the prostate) and overall mortality was not statistically different between procedures. Intermediate and high-volume centers had shorter length of hospital stay than low-volume centers for transurethral resection of the prostate (3.28, 3.02, and 6.58 days, respectively, p=0.01 and p=0.004). Length of hospital stay was also shorter for open prostatectomy in high-volume compared to low-volume centers (4.86 versus 10.76 days, p=0.036). Intrahospital mortality was inversely associated with surgical volume for transurethral resection of the prostate. Centers with residency program had shorter length of hospital stay considering open prostatectomy and less mortality regarding transurethral resection of the prostate. Open prostatectomy was 64% more expensive than transurethral resection of the prostate. Conclusion The findings suggest the importance of investing in specialized centers, which could be potential referral centers for surgical cases.

Open suprapubic versus retropubic prostatectomy in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia during resident's learning curve: a randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study compared the suprapubic (SP) versus retropubic (RP) prostatectomy for the treatment of large prostates and evaluated perioperative surgical morbidity and improvement of urinary symptoms. Materials and Methods: In this single centre, prospective, randomised study, 65 consecutive patients with LUTS and surgical indication with prostate volume greater than 75g underwent open prostatectomy to compare the RP (32 patients) versus SP (33 patients) technique. Results: The SP group exhibited a higher incidence of complications (p=0.002). Regarding voiding pattern analysis (IPSS and flowmetry), both were significantly effective compared to pre-treatment baseline. The RP group parameters were significantly better, with higher peak urinary flow (SP: 16.77 versus RP: 23.03mL/s, p=0.008) and a trend of lower IPSS score (SP: 6.67 versus RP 4.14, p=0.06). In a subgroup evaluation of patients with prostate volumes larger than 100g, blood loss was lower in those undergoing SP prostatectomy (p=0.003). Patients with prostates smaller than 100g in the SP group exhibited a higher incidence of low grade late complications (p=0.004). Conclusions: The SP technique was related to a higher incidence of minor complications in the late postoperative period. High volume prostates were associated with increased bleeding when the RP technique was utilized. The RP prostatectomy was associated with higher peak urinary flow and a trend of a lower IPSS Score.

Giant prostatic hyperplasia: report of a previously asymptomatic man presenting with gross hematuria and hypovolemic shock / Hiperplasia prostática gigante: hematúria macroscópica com choque hipovolêmico em paciente previamente assintomático

Giant prostatic hyperplasia is a rare condition characterized by very high volume benign prostatic enlargement (>500g). Few cases have been reported so far and most of them are associated with severe lower urinary symptoms. We report the first case of asymptomatic giant prostatic hyperplasia in an elderly man who had a 720g prostate adenoma, sudden gross hematuria and hypovolemic shock. The patient was successfully treated with open transvesical prostatectomy and had an uneventful postoperative recovery.

A hiperplasia prostática gigante é uma condição rara caracterizada por aumento benigno prostático significativo, com volume maior que 500g. Existem poucos casos relatados e, em sua maioria deles está associada a sintomas graves do trato urinário inferior. Relatamos aqui o primeiro caso de hiperplasia prostática benigna assintomática em paciente idoso com próstata de 720g, hematúria macroscópica de início súbito e choque hipovolêmico. O paciente foi submetido com sucesso à prostatectomia suprapúbica, sem intercorrências no intra e pós-operatório.

Estudo descritivo da mortalidade por câncer de próstata no Estado de São Paulo no período de 1980-2007 / Descriptive study of prostate cancer mortality in the State of São Paulo, from 1980 to 2007

Objective: Prostate cancer is the second most common neoplasm among men worldwide. This study aimed to examine the trend in mortality rates of prostate cancer among the population in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, from 1980 to 2007. Methods: a descriptive study of temporal series was conducted using mortality data due to prostate cancer between1980 and 2007 in the State of São Paulo. Mortality rates were obtained from the SUS Information System on Mortality (SIM/SUS - DATASUS). The age-specific mortality rates were calculated as well as linear regression and temporal trend analysis. Results: It could be observed that mortality increased according to age, being very similar only between the age group 70-79 years and greater than or equal to 80 years (p = 0.047). The mortality peak in the age group 50-79 years occurred at the same time; however, the drop in mortality rates since then has been much more pronounced in the group of 50-59 years. There was a linear increase and direct association between the number of biopsies and the incidence of prostate cancer (r = 0.714, p = 0.024). Conclusions: Prostate cancer is a major cause of mortality in São Paulo and effective screening and treatment measures should be adopted to improve this scenario.

Objetivo: O câncer de próstata é a segunda neoplasia mais comum entre homens em todo o mundo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo examinar a tendência das taxas de mortalidade por câncer de próstata entre a população do Estado de São Paulo, nos anos de 1980 a 2007. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo descritivo de séries temporais, utilizando-se dados de óbitos por câncer de próstata (CaP) no período de 1980 e 2007 no Estado de São Paulo. As taxas de mortalidade foram obtidas dos dados do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade do SUS (SIM/SUS - DATASUS). Foram calculados os coeficientes de mortalidade específicos por idade, regressões lineares e análises de tendência temporal. Resultados: Pode-se observar que a mortalidade aumenta de acordo com o aumento da faixa etária, tornando-se similar somente entre a faixa etária de 70-79 anos e maior ou igual a 80 anos (p = 0,047). O pico de mortalidade entre os grupos etários de 50 a 79 anos ocorreu em época semelhante; entretanto, a queda nas taxas de mortalidade desde então foi muito mais pronunciada no grupo entre 50 e 59 anos. Houve um crescimento linear e diretamente proporcional entre o número de biópsias e a incidência do câncer de próstata (r = 0,714; p = 0,024). Conclusões: Podemos concluir que o câncer de próstata é uma importante causa de mortalidade no Estado de São Paulo e que medidas efetivas de rastreamento e tratamento devem ser adotadas para a melhora desse quadro.

Cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome risk among men with and without erectile dysfunction: case-control study / Risco cardiovascular e da síndrome metabólica entre homens com e sem disfunção erétil: estudo caso controle

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Erectile dysfunction has been associated with cardiovascular diseases. The aim here was to evaluate cardiovascular risk through the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) criteria, C-reactive protein (CRP) assays and presence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in men with and without erectile dysfunction diagnosed within a healthcare program. DESIGN AND SETTING: A retrospective case-control study was conducted. The patients were selected from a healthcare program at the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, between January and December 2007. METHODS: 222 men were retrospectively selected, and they were divided into two groups: men with erectile dysfunction (n = 111) and men without erectile dysfunction (n = 111). The patients were stratified according to the International Index of Erectile Function-Erectile Function domain (IIEF-EF domain). CRP and FRS were analyzed and the two groups were compared. RESULTS: The CRP levels were significantly higher among men with erectile dysfunction (P = 0.04). Patients with erectile dysfunction also had high FRS (P = 0.0015). CRP and FRS did not correlate with the severity of erectile dysfunction. The presence of metabolic syndrome was greater among men with erectile dysfunction (P < 0.05). The severity of erectile dysfunction was directly associated with metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION: Men with erectile dysfunction presented higher cardiovascular risk according to the FRS criteria and CRP measurements. Severe erectile dysfunction seemed to have a correlation with metabolic syndrome.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Disfunção erétil está associada a doenças cardiovasculares. O objetivo foi avaliar o risco cardiovascular através dos critérios de Framingham (FRS), da dosagem de proteína C-reativa e da presença de síndrome metabólica em homens com e sem disfunção erétil diagnosticados em um programa de saúde. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo retrospectivo tipo caso-controle foi realizado. Os pacientes foram selecionados de um programa de saúde do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2007. MÉTODOS: 222 homens foram retrospectivamente selecionados e divididos em dois grupos: homens com disfunção erétil (n = 111) e homens sem disfunção erétil (n = 111). Os pacientes foram estratificados de acordo com o Índice Internacional de Disfunção Erétil (International Index of Erectile Function, Erectile Function domain, IIEF-EF domain). A proteína C-reativa e o escore de Framingham foram analisados e os dois grupos foram comparados. RESULTADOS: O nível da proteína C foi significativamente maior entre homens com disfunção erétil (P = 0,04). Pacientes com disfunção erétil também tinham um escore de risco de Framingham alto (P = 0,0015). A proteína C e o escore de Framingham não se correlacionaram com o grau de gravidade da disfunção erétil. A presença de síndrome metabólica foi maior nos pacientes com disfunção erétil (P < 0,05). A gravidade da disfunção erétil esteve diretamente associada com a síndrome metabólica. CONCLUSÃO: Homens com disfunção erétil apresentaram maior risco cardiovascular de acordo com os critérios de Framingham e pela mensuração da proteína C-reativa. A disfunção erétil grave em homens parece ter correlação com a síndrome metabólica.

Bladder involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus / Envolvimento vesical no lúpus eritematoso sistêmico

Objective: To study bladder involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus patients through clinical and laboratorial evaluation, ultrasonography, radiological and endoscopic examination. Methods: Thirty-nine patients, either outpatients or inpatients at the Department of Rheumatology of Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina from Universidade de São Paulo were evaluated as to clinical and laboratorial data. All patients were submitted to ultrasonographic evaluation of the upper urinary tract, radiological and endoscopic examinations of the middle and lower urinary tracts. Results: Mean age of patients varied between 13 and 62 years (median = 29 years). Thirty-six were females and three were males. The disease varied from 6 months to 22 years (median three years and one month). Clinical and laboratory activity of the disease was present in 30 patients. Twenty-two patients had the diagnosis of lupus established for three years or more. Twenty-five patients were asymptomatic and all had received corticosteroids for treatment at least once. Twenty-three received antimalarial drugs; ten received cytostatics, and seven patients received non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. Upper urinary tract ultrasonography was normal in all cases but one with staghorn calculus associated with neurogenic bladder secondary to neurological involvement by the disease. Vesicoureteral reflux was observed in two cases. Other two patients had significant post-voiding residual urine, both with neurogenic bladder secondary to nervous system involvement by lupus. The average bladder maximum capacity in an awaken patient was 342 mL, and was decreased in 18.9% of cases. This subgroup of patients presented a greater frequency of urinary symptoms and greater use of cytostatic drugs (Z > Z5%). A pathognomonic cystoscopic pattern of bladder involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus could not be established. Cystoscopic aspects similar to those seen in the initial or minor forms of interstitial cystitis were present in 43.2% of patients. This finding was more frequent when cytostatic drugs were used for treating the disease. Conclusions: There was bladder involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus, even in asymptomatic patients, demonstrated by the occurrence of cystoscopic abnormalities or by reduced bladder maximum capacity associated with the presence of suprapubic pain, urinary irritation symptoms and the use of cytostatic drugs.

Objetivo: Estudar o envolvimento vesical em pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) por meio de avaliações clínica, laboratorial, ultrassonográfica e de estudos radiológico e endoscópico. Métodos: Trinta e nove pacientes ambulatoriais ou internados no Serviço de Reumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo foram avaliados clínica e laboratorialmente. Todos foram submetidos à avaliação do trato urinário superior por meio da ultrassonografia, e a exames radiológicos e endoscópicos para a avaliação dos tratos médio e inferior. Resultados: A idade dos pacientes variou de 13 a 62 anos (mediana = 29 anos). Trinta e seis pacientes eram do sexo feminino e três do sexo masculino. O tempo de doença variou de seis meses a 22 anos (mediana = três anos e um mês). Trinta pacientes apresentavam atividade da doença na ocasião do estudo. O diagnóstico de lúpus havia sido estabelecido havia três anos ou mais em 22 pacientes. Vinte e cinco pacientes eram assintomáticos em relação às queixas urinárias e todos haviam feito uso de corticoides em alguma fase do tratamento. Vinte e três receberam antimaláricos; dez, citostáticos e sete anti-inflamatórios não-hormonais. A ultrassonografia do trato urinário superior foi normal em todos os casos, exceto um que apresentou cálculo coraliforme associado à bexiga neurogênica devido a envolvimento neurológico pelo lúpus. Refluxo vésico-ureteral foi demonstrado em dois pacientes e, em outros dois casos, observava-se grande resíduo pós-miccional secundário à lesão neurológica pela doença de base. A média da capacidade vesical máxima com paciente desperto foi de 342 ml e, em 18,9% dos casos este parâmetro estava diminuído. Este subgrupo apresentou maior incidência de manifestações urinárias e maior frequência de emprego de citostáticos (Z > Z5%). Não se caracterizou padrão diacrítico de participação vesical na doença. Em 43,2% dos pacientes, detectaram-se aspectos cistoscópicos semelhantes aos descritos para a forma precoce ou menor de cistite intersticial, guardando dependência apenas com o emprego de citostáticos no tratamento do lúpus eritematoso sistêmico. Conclusões: Demonstrou-se o envolvimento vesical no lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, mesmo em pacientes assintomáticos e que se manifestou pela ocorrência de alterações cistoscópicas e pela diminuição da capacidade vesical máxima em paciente desperto, estando esta associada à presença de dor suprapúbica à repleção vesical e manifestações irritativas urinárias, bem como ao uso de citostáticos.

Histological aspects of the bladder in systemic lupus erythematosus / Aspectos histopatológicos da bexiga no lúpus eritematoso sistêmico

Objectives: to study pathological data from bladders of systemic lupus erythematosus patients, correlate them to clinical events and the use of therapeutic drugs, and compare them to bladder histopathological findings in individuals not affected by systemic lupus erythematosus. Methods: thirty-nine out or inpatients of the Department of Rheumatology at Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus were clinically and cystoscopically evaluated. Bladder biopsy was also performed. As a normal parameter, bladders taken from 20 corpses collected at the Death Verification Department of São Paulo city, without autolysis or evidence of urinary tract or autoimmune disease were also histologically studied. This group was considered as a Control Group. A correlation among clinical, cystoscopic and histopathological data was carried out. Results: the patients mean age was 29 years (range 13-62). Thirty-six were females and three were males. Twenty-five patients were asymptomatic during the study period. In the Control Group the age range was 20-65 years. Nineteen were females (95%) and one was male (5%). Cystoscopic examination of the group with systemic lupus erythematosus showed interstitial pattern in 16 cases (41.0%) and normal in 15 (38.5%). The bladder was normal in four patients (10.3%). Chronic unspecific cystitis was observed in 18 (46.2%) patients. In the remaining, several alterations were found, including bladder vasculitis in seven patients (17.9%). The mean number of mast cells in the bladder area was 2.223/mm2. In the Control Group, unspecific cystitis was found in three cases (15.0%). No other abnormalities were found. The mean number of mast cells in this group was 0.777/mm2 (±2.7). Chronic unspecific cystitis, bladder vasculitis and the mean number of mast cells were compared with each other and no statistical differences were found (p > 0.05). There were statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding chronic unspecific cystitis and bladder vasculitis (Z = 2.078 > Z5% = 1.645 and Z = 1.777 > Z5% = 1.645) and also mean number of mast cells (Z = 2.387 > Z5% = 1.673). There were statistically significant differences between the proportion of mast cell infiltrate and presence of suprapubic pain as well as use of antimalarial drugs. The other analysis did not show statistically significant differences. There was no statistical evidence of dependence among the events: cystoscopy with interstitial pattern and chronic unspecific cystitis (p > 0.237); cystoscopy with interstitial pattern and bladder vasculitis(p > 0.325); cystoscopy with interstitial pattern and mast cell infiltrate (p > 0.277). Conclusions: the bladder in systemic lupus erythematosus may be involved even in the absence of clinical manifestations. The involvement of the bladder in systemic lupus erythematosus was characterized mainly by the finding of chronic unspecific cystitis, bladder vasculitis and mast cell infiltrate. The presence of chronic unspecific cystitis was significantly greater in patients with the disease than in the Control Group, and the same occurred with bladder vasculitis. The number of mast cells/mm2 was higher than normal in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. This finding was associated to suprapubic pain upon bladder repletion and to use of antimalarial drugs.

Video game as a preoperative warm-up for laparoscopic surgery / Jogo de video game como aquecimento pré-operatório para cirurgia laparoscópica

Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of video game as warm-up before dry-lab laparoscopic activities. Methods: Eleven medical students participated in this prospective randomized crossover study. Students were divided into two groups. Students in Group 1 had to execute an interrupted suture with the dominant hand using a standardized technique (non-video game group). Students in Group 2 performed the same suture, but after playing a video game match (video game group). After this initial task, groups were crossed. The time spent to complete each task was recorded, and the participants and observers had to judge the performance for each laparoscopic exercise. These variables were used as a measure of performance. Results: Mean time for laparoscopic surgery in this subset of inexperienced laparoscopic students was similar between non-video game versus video game groups (254.6 ± 187.7 versus 255.8 ± 183.6; p = 0.875). Subjective impression of observers regarding students? performance was also similar (p = 0.662), but subjective impression of the participant about his own performance was different between both groups, with 64.7 versus 20.0% of participants that considered their performance good for video game versus non-video game groups (p = 0.044). Conclusions: In conclusion, video games used as warm-up for laparoscopic practice seem to make inexperienced surgeons more confident and comfortable with the procedures, even though objective measures, as operative time and observers impression of surgeons performance do not seem to be affected by video game warm-up.

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de um jogo de video game como aquecimento pré-operatório para o cirurgião laparoscópico. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo cruzado com 11 estudantes de medicina e médicos residentes com pouca experiência em laparoscopia. Um grupo realizou suturas laparoscópicas em caixa preta sem aquecimento inicial, enquanto outro realizou aquecimento por meio de jogos de video game. Os grupos foram cruzados em um segundo momento. Resultados: O tempo médio para confecção de sutura laparoscópica foi semelhante entre os grupos Direto versus Video game (254,6 ± 187,7 versus 255,8 ± 183,6; p = 0,875). A impressão subjetiva dos avaliadores sobre o grau de dificuldade para a realização da tarefa também foi semelhante entre os grupos (p = 0,662). Em relação à percepção do cirurgião quanto ao grau de dificuldade para a realização do procedimento cirúrgico, observou-se que os cirurgiões do grupo Video game versus Direto tiveram uma percepção subjetiva de maior facilidade para a realização do exercício, sendo que a porcentagem de exercícios considerados de dificuldade baixa ou moderada foi de 64,7 versus 20,0% entre os grupos (p = 0,044). Conclusões: O emprego de jogo de video game como aquecimento para a cirurgia laparoscópica em cirurgiões pouco experientes parece torná-los mais receptivos para as dificuldades do procedimento, embora não altere o tempo para a realização dos procedimentos e nem a percepção alheia do grau de dificuldade.

Fatores de risco não-ocupacionais para câncer de bexiga / Non-occupational risk factors for bladder cancer

Mais de 60 mil novos casos de câncer de bexiga são diagnosticadosa cada ano nos Estados Unidos, responsáveis por aproximadamente13 mil mortes por ano. Nas últimas décadas, a incidência total decâncer de bexiga parece estar crescendo o que pode caracterizaruma conseqüência dos efeitos latentes do tabaco e outros fatoresde risco não-ocupacionais, carcinógenos industriais, assim comoo envelhecimento em geral da nossa população. Fatores culturaise socioeconômicos também contribuem substancialmente paraa etiologia do câncer de bexiga e podem ter um papel ainda maisimportante do que o ambiente ocupacional. Neste trabalho foramrevisados os principais fatores não-ocupacionais estabelecidos oupropostos associados ao desenvolvimento do câncer de bexiga.

Primeira campanha de atenção às doenças da próstata da Faculdade de Medicina da Fundação ABC: Modelo alternativo e extracurricular de ensino médico / I Faculdade de Medicina do ABC prostate care campaing: An alternative and extra-curricular way of teaching medicine

Doenças da glândula prostática são extremamente prevalentes. Possuir o conhecimento adequado dessas afecções é de fundamental importância para a classe médica. Novos métodos diagnósticos têm sido desenvolvidos e empregados nesta área da medicina, havendo necessidade de atualizações terapêuticas periódicas. Neste contexto, discute-se o real valor de programas de screening populacional para a detecção precoce do cancer da próstata. Outro tema frequentemente debatido discute a respeito da educação médica, ou seja, a constante busca de métodos pedagógicos eficientes, capazes de transmitir os mínimos conhecimentos necessários para que os acadêmicos de medicina, futuros médicos, sejam capazes de exercer sua profissão com competência e dignidade. A primeira Campanha de Atenção às Doenças dada Próstata da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC teve como objetivo unificar estas duas tendências: prestação de serviços médicos assistenciais...

Atividade proliferativa do carcinoma colo-retal: relaçäo com o estadiamento, localizaçäo e padräo de crescimentro. Estudo imuno-histoquímico com anticorpo anti-pcna / The prolifetative activity of colorectal tumor: relation with staging, localization and growth pattern. Immunohistochemical study with anti-PCNA antibody

Objetivo: analisar a atividade proliferativa das células tumorais do carcinoma colo-retal extirpado. Pacientes e métodos: foram estudados 78 doentes (50 mulheres e 28 homens), com carcinoma colo-retal. A média de idade foi 59,29 anos (28 a 86 anos). Dezesseis doentes foram classificados com Dukes A, 438 como B e 14 como C. A neoplasia estava localizada no colo proximal em 19 enfermos,no distal em 32 e no reto em 27. Os blocos parafinados obtidos das lesões neoplásicas foram submetidos ao estudo imuno-histoquímico com anticorpo anti`-PCNA. O estudo histológico foi realizado na margem invasiva mais profunda de cada lesäo. O índice de expressäo do PCNA foi quantificado pela observaçäo do núcleo celular marcado com anticorpo anti-PCNA em 1000 células na lâmina obtida de cada lesäo. A reaçäo foi considerada positiva quando a marcaçäo nuclear ocorreu de modo difuso, com pontos de intensidade variável, ou de modo granular com distribuiçäo homogênea, independente da intensidade. Resultados: houve ausência de diferença significativa entre o índice de expressäo do PCNA e a idade, sexo, estadiamento e padräo de crescimento. A localizaçäo da lesäo no segmento colo-retal e o índice de expressäo do PCNA apresentaram diferença significativa apenas antre as lesões situadas no reto e aquelas localizadas no colo proximal (p<0,001). Conclusões: a expressäo do PCNA no carcinoma colo-retal näo apresenta relaçäo com os diferentes estádios da classificaçäo de Dukes e com o padräo de crescimento infiltrativo ou expansivo da lesäo. Os carcinomas retais mostram maior atividade proliferativa que os situados no colo proximal